Investigating Components Driving Society - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investigating Components Driving Society? Answer: Introduction This research manages investigating the components driving society of the association and instruments. In this specific task, accentuation was given on realising the procedure that coordinates towards working unique introduction for Australian recorded organization named Woolworths Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Woolworths Limited is among one traded on an open market recorded organizations that have broad operations in retail part in Australia as well as New Zealand. Wesfarmers Limited is a retail company situated in Australia tht has operations within retail, fertilisers, chemicals, industrial, coal mining along with safety products. This retail organization involves the second position regarding income. This specific organization works in the retail business in and crosswise over Australia and New Zealand in assortment of divisions, for example, Supermarkets, domestic Improvement, Hotels and additionally Liquor along with General Merchandise. The current investigation contemplates the administration structures including assessment of adherence towards tenets and rules by breaking down General Purpose of Financial Reports for clients of money related articulations of Woolworths Limited. At the end of the day, the present investigation manages issues relating to compensation structure and additionally inside and outside controls (Zhou, Ou and Li 2016). Consequently, the present fragment disks viewing the reasonability standards and additionally a dherence to applied structure of money related revealing. This specific section of task considers the universally useful of budgetary revealing for the organization named as Woolworths Limited and Wesfarmers Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). This implies the organization faces different issues particularly in the compensation report as removed from the yearly report of Woolworths Limited. This specific retail organization centres significantly around investors returns after successful arrangement of capital and in addition conveying bunch focuses overall. From monetary perspective, Woolworths Limited and key needs for 2016 is accomplishing medium-term design focuses and conveying Group coordination and collaboration targets. This organization makes procedures for fortifying the accounting report and in addition overseeing Group capital (Weil, Schipper. furthermore, Francis 2013). Current Accounting Framework meeting the needs of the users This can be done by comparing the annual report of the companies, which are as follows:- Comparison Remuneration Report Analysis of Woolworths Limited and Westfarmers Members of Woolworths Limiteds Board Committee builds up the compensation panel that is stated as People Policy Committee (Salas and Campos 2016). This advisory group is made for maintaining it within standard level and synthesis of Group Remuneration in order to gather that the plausibility and relationship of execution. It was noticed that People Policy Committee accumulates with the given prerequisites said according to ASX suggestions. To the extent Auditor Report on compensation is considered, it manages reality where Board of Directors goes for get ready and in addition exhibiting the compensation report as per Section 30A of Corporation Act for year 2001. Review report remains set up as per AAS (Australian Auditing Standards) (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). The compensation report of Wesfarmers Limited was distributed in 2016 that duplicates disillusioning execution for Woolworths Limited and certain outcomes on Executive and Employee Remuneration (Miller and Power 2013). At the end of the day, Performance of the organization relies on the critical measurements supporting whole structure of compensation. This specific compensation report shows 0.1% development before Net Profit and Tax in relationship with earlier year. Unexpectedly, compensation report show 0.7% decrease display in income each share in correlation with earlier year. In this manner, Woolworths Limited management goes for connecting with the compensation firm structures. This organization has less arrangement particularly if there should be an occurrence of here and now impetuses (Lukka and Vinnari 2014). There are different honours of Wesfarmers Limited introduce in relationship with recorded budgetary introduction and additionally chronicled maintenance rights. To the extent compensation system is concerned, it uncovers the structure and also administration of compensation for retail based organization Woolworths Limited (Lukka and Pihlanto 2014). This organization perseveres for supporting fulfilment of general business comes about transforming into conveyance potential incentive to the investors. As it were, evaluation of compensation structure for the most part contemplates offering solid establishment for working under adaptability of operations. This assistance is required in duplicating the substitute methodology for drawing in the maintenance of gifts from staff individuals (Lev and Gu 2016). Along these lines, Board and Senior Executive Group generally gangs long haul affiliation lining up with potential investors by taking thought different prerequisites of the potential in vestors On basic research, Remuneration Report of Woolworths Limited portrays the organization flopped in meeting the transient impetus design (Kravet 2014). This has occurred subsequent to survey at the execution entryway of 4% development of net benefit after duty in correlation with earlier year. Remuneration Rate Issues Short Term Decision Making IFRS 8 applied within Woolworths Limited considers working portions for distinguishing characteristics in light of interior revealing with respect to parts of the Group (Kim, Liu and Zheng 2012). This ought to be frequently looked into by Chief Operating leaders for distributing assets to the fragments for surveying the abnormal state of execution. This should be recognized by Group Executives of Wesfarmers Limited for deciding the working sections in light of inside announcing fragments. Woolworths Limited and in addition General Merchandise serves ranges, for example, attire, way of life items and in addition home product and magnificence items (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Conceptual Framework revision The reasonable Framework uncovers the points and destinations of monetary detailing that is subjective in nature for rendering valuable data (Horngren et al. 2013). At the end of the day, Conceptual Structure manages characterizing, perceiving and in addition measuring different components of monetary assertions as noted under capital and upkeep of capital. The essential point of universally useful money related revealing is putting forth monetary data to the potential agents, banks and loan specialists keeping in mind the end goal to land at specific choices. Concerned choices incorporate buy; offer and also holding of value and obligation instruments in type of advance and other credit shapes. Consequently, these organizations reports bombs in tending to all the significant data worried about potential speculators and also lenders and banks (Henderson et al. 2015). It was noticed that Woolworths Limited Statements takes after the basic prerequisites of Conceptual Framework. Asset report projections facilitates in understanding the budgetary position of the company (Hartley 2014). This announcement contemplates two wide perspectives to be specific resources and liabilities for a specific business association. This takes in thought stock, net stock, monetary liabilities and additionally immaterial resources and investors' value. According to the budgetary revelations of Wesfarmers Limited, it is proclaimed that Board permitted last profit of 72 c for every offer out of aggregate profit of 139 c in 2015. It is likewise vital to explain the way that profit statements manage critical data for potential investors of Woolworths Limited. The fundamental point of monetary report is increasing ideal FICO score. For example, SP and Moody adjust rating framework at lower level in correlation with earlier years (Gray, Adams and Owen 2014). AASB Issues Such as Lease Accounting Considering AASB, Lease accounting is orchestrated and mentioned in budgetary articulation of Woolworths Limited. This translation develops a plan where rent implies satisfaction of reliance for determined resources (Freeman et al. 2014). This plan might get accomplished for passing on right utilization of advantages. As it were, this judgment will be practiced by surveying existing provider courses of action as contained in rent bookkeeping. There have different issues recognized where the standard neglected to utilize particular resources for satisfying the supply commitments and also Group requirement. This standard authorizes stringent quality standard particularly on sourced merchandise and additionally has no influence over utilization of advantages. Along these lines, buys are estimated according to every individual request and additionally have no influence over physical access if there should arise an occurrence of provider resources (Englund and Gerdin 2014). General Purpose Financial Reports in Effective Financial Decisions Inventory Figure 1: Inventory of Woolworths Limited (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Figure 2: Inventory of Woolworths Limited (Source: Wesfarmerslimited.com.au. 2016) From figure above of yearly report, it has been gathered that Woolworths Limiteds closing inventory has increased by 3.8% in order to open new stores. Net investment of the company has decreased to $ 272.6 million due to variances with ensuring creditors payment within time. It results in observing competitive position of the company. Wesfarmers Limited Accounts Receivables From Woolworths Limited annual report, accounts receivables can be developed by encompassing GST amount. This indicates trade receivables was mentioned at 1001.9 in year 2015 and 965.2 in year 2014. More specifically, trade receivables was recognised at fair value and explained at amortised cost through employing interest method with subtracting impairment allowance. This is vital for Wesfarmers Limited to realise the fact that financial information users evaluate data as represented within financial reports and evaluate items for taking financial decisions. Liabilities With evaluating Woolworths Limiteds certain consolidated financial report, it generally explains certain fact that organization has total liabilities of $ 1236.3 Million. Liabilities those are not deemed to settle down within 12 months with analysing certain normal values. This explains the rate of remuneration with analysing implementation with time of settlement. In consideration to the liabilities of Wesfarmers Limited might not be evaluated within 12 months cash outflows evaluation with exceptional services for the companys employees. PPE (Plant, Property, Equipment) Figure 3: Balance Sheet of Woolworths Limited (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Woolworths PPE intangibles were evaluated at cost after subtracting accumulation depreciation along with amortization and accumulated impaired loss. In addition, Woolworths Limited management made great investments of $ 1535.3 in PPE for the organization opened several stores and refurbishes the remaining retail stores. This is associated with new merchandising systems purchase and distinct supply chain strategies. Leases Annual report of Woolworths Limited and Wesfarmers Limited takes into consideration lease treatment that is specified as finance leases in which contracts mention within lease obligations. This facilitates drastic risks and rewards transfer in alignment with lessee ownerships. Prudence Prudence is one of the ideas named as conservatism guideline and bookkeeping standards required by a predefined accounting for recording of liabilities and costs at the season of acknowledgment (Ballwieser et al. 2012). Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Updating Process Money related Statement planning considers vulnerabilities and also actualities seeing occasions and conditions, for example, collectively of suspicious receivables and additionally valuable existence of settled attest like Plant and Equipment (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). These includes a portion of instabilities which are perceived by methods for getting corporate divulgences subsequent to practicing reasonability instance of applied system. In this manner, Prudence implies the idea that is comprehensive of level of alert in path for practicing over judgment on the instability levels. Financial Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages One of the benefits of money related announcing eludes to judiciousness idea displayed in the theoretical system those aides in bringing consistency of data and also lack of bias of activities. Expansion to that, after restrictive traits and in addition deliberative misquoted figures; it is introduced in the theoretical structure (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Conclusion Toward the finish of the investigation, it is reasoned that speculators examinations different things as introduced in monetary reports of Woolworths Limited. As such, Woolworths Limited Disclosure approaches go along as per Corporation Act in 2001 according to Listing rules of ASX listing. It is essential to see consistent divulgence arrangement for advancing the certainty level of likely financial specialists with respect to honesty and securities. The above examination shows that stock of Woolworths Limited expands because of increment number of set up stores. Subsequently, potential speculators can without much of a stretch break down the effectiveness of the organization for changing over the stock into deals amid money related basic leadership process. Speculators need to stay mindful of ventures of organization particularly if there should be an occurrence of PPE intangibles causing trade surge that assist creating benefits in the up and coming budgetary years. In this manner, the exercises specified will help in boosting the slants of potential financial specialists in positive way. Reference List Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012. Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Braun, K.W., Tietz, W.M. and Harrison, W.T., 2013. Managerial accounting. Pearson. Cahan, S., Black, D.E., Bradbury, M.E., Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M., Cheng, C.A., Hellman, N., Andersson, P., Frberg, E. and Du, F., 2016. Special Issue Articles Consequences of IFRS for capital markets, managers, auditors and standard-setters: an introduction. ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE, 56(1). Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp.734-775. Collier, P.M., 2015. Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drury, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Emett, S.A. and Nelson, M.W., 2015. Discussion of The effect of alternative accounting measurement bases on investors assessments of managers stewardship. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 46, pp.115-118. Englund, H. and Gerdin, J., 2014. Structuration theory in accounting research: Applications and applicability. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(2), pp.162-180. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice. JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Gray, R., Adams, C. and Owen, D., 2014. Accountability, social responsibility and sustainability: accounting for society and the environment. Pearson Higher Ed. Hartley, W.C., 2014. An introduction to business accounting for managers. Elsevier. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kim, J.B., Liu, X. and Zheng, L., 2012. The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on audit fees: Theory and evidence. The Accounting Review, 87(6), pp.2061-2094. Kravet, T.D., 2014. Accounting conservatism and Managerial risk-taking: corporate acquisitions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57(2), pp.218-240. Lev, B. and Gu, F., 2016. The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers. John Wiley Sons. Lukka, K. and Pihlanto, P., 2014. The developer of Finnish accounting theory. Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting), p.60. Lukka, K. and Vinnari, E., 2014. Domain theory and method theory in management accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(8), pp.1308-1338. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Salas, O.A. and Campos, M.J.S., 2016.Finance and Accounting for Managers (Vol. 28). Profit Editorial. Uno, K. and Bartelmus, P, 2013. Environmental accounting in theory and practice (Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016.Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Zhou, Z., Ou, J. and Li, S., 2016. Ecological Accounting: A Research Review and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(05), p.643

Writing a Sample Preschool Admission Essay

Writing a Sample Preschool Admission EssayA sample preschool admission essay is a good way to go if you want to have an idea about what writing the application means and how it should be done. Here are some things to consider when writing such a document.Know what kind of essay you are writing. When you want to write a sample essay, always think about what type of essay you are writing. You will be writing a paper for preschool admission or a college application. A sample essay must show your writing skills in specific ways.Start with what you are going to say before you start writing the essay. What exactly do you want to talk about? If you have written a sample essay already, you may just need to re-write it. Of course, there are some cases where it is necessary to re-write a sample essay for the purpose of writing a new one. It will also be useful to research on the topic to make sure that your essay would really speak about the subject that you want to write about.Sample essays a re also useful for a mentor that is helping his/her students write essays. This can also help his/her students who are looking for samples of essay topics. The mentor will be able to provide the students with essays that were written by experts. Of course, the students will still need to read over their own essays. Their papers will still need to contain an original contribution to the content of the essay.Another thing that can be helpful for writing a sample essay is practice. You may want to get some ideas or start writing the paper already so that you won't have to start from scratch. Writing a short essay with examples can also be helpful to give a feel of what the paper will be like. It can also be a helpful tool when you are going to write a sample essay.Another good source for samples is magazines. There are many different magazines where the writers of the papers often post articles. Articles from magazines can be very helpful to get ideas and to get more knowledge about wr iting essays. Besides, a writer from a magazine is usually more familiar with what makes a good essay and the things that don't.Of course, while writing an essay, it will always be important to remember that you are not writing for public viewing. Make sure that you use a neutral word for the topic that you want to write about. Keep in mind that when the parents are reading through the essay, they need to be able to read the essay from a neutral perspective. They also need to read it so that they could know what kind of essay is being written.When you are writing an essay, it will be useful to know what you are going to talk about. Writing a sample essay that talks about a specific topic will help you know what to say.

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example

Ethical Dilemma Essay Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a subdivision of philosophy, dealing with questions about morality. Societies, religions, professional groups all around the globe have their own principles or standards of conduct, which are followed by their members (Davis, Fowler, Aroskar, 1997). Ethics is concerned with what is right, and what is wrong, good or bad, fair or unfair, responsible or irresponsible, it relates to what we ought to do in terms of rights, obligations, and benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. It is not just about what the case is or what is most acceptable or convenient (Preston, 1996). In the case study The Typo, writer is placed in a head of marketing position in a small, struggling, pharmaceutical company, which is introducing very promising drug to the market. The future existence of the company depends on successful placement of that drug. However, there is a typographical error in all print material about site effects of that drug. Marketing manager has an ethical dilemma, stop the marketing campaign and correct the â€Å"typo†, consequently future existence of his company will be in jeopardy, or to take a risk and go ahead with campaign without letting anyone know about the â€Å"typo†. This essay will describe ethical dilemmas and their characteristics, continuing by ethical dilemma marketing manager are confronted with. Discussion on defensible moral judgements after that will be followed by introduction of two consequentialist theories namely egoism and utilitarianism and Kant’s ethics as one of non-consequentialist theory, which should assist marketing manager in making a justifiable moral judgement. Ethical dilemmas are placing individuals in complex situations were no obvious solution is clear (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2007). When we are confronted with two or more moral principles, and we are equally dedicated to all of them then we are dealing with moral dilemma. MacNiven (1993, p. ) identify, ’If both alternatives did not have an equally strong claim for someone, he or she would not see the situation as a moral dilemma. ’ Person, who has to solve ethical dilemma, can be left displeased, as there may have been another alternative that was evenly as satisfactory as one taken. Respond on ethical dilemmas by people depend on the ethical systems which controlled their thinking. Everyone approaches moral dilemmas from different point of view, making society’s compromise impossible. MacNiven (1993) concluded that the presence of moral dilemmas in our lives is confirming that the moral systems hich are controlling our judgments and behaviour have stopped working and are no longer in a leading position. With respect to Ghillyer (2010) who has introduced four characteristics of an ethical dilemma; these which are having an equally right choice but haven’t been taken, followed by characteristics where rest of the people involved may suffer as a result of the choices haven’t been made, the choice you have made is challenging your personal ethical principles and lastly, the choice you have made has disregard an ethical value of your community or society. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marketing manager is confronted with ethical dilemma of should he stop the marketing campaign for very promising drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and correct typographical error in the print material which is misleading doctors and their patients or ignore typographical error by not stopping the marketing campaign and not informing family doctors about ten times higher risk on bad side effects of promoted drug. On one hand, by not informing family doctors about real risk for patients, he is placing patients’ trust to their family doctors at risk. On the other hand, by informing doctors about typographical error, he is putting his employer and his own employment in danger situation. Delay in placement of new drug on the market and more costs involved for marketing promotion can be crucial for coming existence of the business. To be exact, two sides of ethical dilemmas exist, objective and subjective. The objective side of the dilemma is what it seems to be a dilemma for one person does not appear to be a dilemma to other person. Oppositely subjective site of an ethical dilemma is when an emotional component has affected an individual’s response the way a dilemma was seen and settled (MacNiven, 1993). As a guide by solving ethical dilemmas moral judgements are used. Shaw at al. (2009, p. 28) highlights, a moral judgement to be strong, ‘it must be supportable by a defensible moral standard, together with relevant facts. ’ People are using moral standards as a guide on what is right and what is wrong. To make morally strong, justifiable, right decision marketing manager of pharmaceutical company should consider three factors. Firstly, moral judgement needs to be logical, therefore marketing manager should not follow his personal preferences and feelings, instead he should look for motives and proofs to support the judgements. Logical judgements need to match with our other moral and non-moral beliefs (Shaw et al, 2009). For that reason marketing manager should not simply follow his personal preferences by keeping his job. He should consider option about informing doctors of typographical error, by doing so matching his moral and non-moral beliefs. To be in a good position to make an informed judgment, marketing manager should collect as much as possible evidence; for instance, what could happen if patients with acute or chronically gastrointestinal or diarrhoea problems will be taking these drugs, will medication intake for them be fatal? Important fact as well is, doctors are already informed about bad side effects of that drug therefore if side effects will occur they will know what has caused these symptoms. Treatment for gastroenteritis and diarrhoea is available; however there is no treatment available for Alzheimer’s disease. How high is the possibility for doctors to realise that the percentage of patients, who are taking new drug, with bad side effects is far above two per cent? If the company will not survive another month or so by discontinuing marketing campaign, what loss will be for the society not to place very promising drug on the market? And finally, moral judgements should be based on manager’s acceptable moral principles. These principles need to be ‘unambiguous and can withstand critical scrutiny and rational criticism (Shaw et al, 2009, p. 29). Ethical theories can be divided in to two groups; consequential, where ethical decisions are based primarily on evaluating outcomes, and non-consequential, where decisions are based on clear basic view of the right or one’s duty (Preston, 1996). As Shaw et al. (2009, p. 58) describes, ‘If the consequences are good, then the act is right; if the consequences are bad the act is wrong. ’ The outcome of moral judgement wi ll depend on amount of good against the amount of bad an action is going to create. In contrast, non-consequentialist theories are solely concerned with an action, regardless of after-effects. For instance, take a provoked community debate about abortion. Non-consequentialist will defend foetus as a human being in all circumstances and regardless of consequences, where consequentialist will advocate ethical justification for abortion on case-by-case basis (Preston, 1996). ‘The view that the best theory of general action, or life, is to do what is best for oneself, regardless of effects on others, except when those are indirectly necessary for the best result for oneself (Narveson, 1998, p. 16). ’ Subsequently Shaw at al. 2009, p. 60) calculate, ‘If an action produces or will probably produce for the agent a greater ration of good to evil in the long run than any other alternative, than that action is the right one to perform, and the agent should take that course to be moral. ’ Egoism comes in two species; psychological and ethical. Psychological theory is about what we should do. It says that we should, or ought to, act only in our own interest ( Narveson, 1998). Shaw at al. (2009) added, people are so created that their duty is to act selfishly. Marketing manager should decide what his long term goal is; career with current employer or will he easy accept option to find another job, if needed. Contrary, if I am an individual ethical egoist it could happen that on a long run by achieving self-interest, others believes, reactions and attitudes may well have a direct impact upon my own interest (Shaw at al, 2009). In other words, it means, someone to whom a person with moral dilemma has close relationship, can have influence on decision making process on long run. For example, parents, who are suffering of Alzheimer’s disease; I would like to keep them at home, so it will be beneficial to treat disease, on the other hand I will need to place them in to residential care. Nowadays our communities are facing very complex dilemmas therefore ethical egoism is not a preferred pathway to be followed. It does not offers consistent method of resolving conflicts of self-interest. Negotiation, compromise and self-sacrifice are required to successfully solve dilemmas in communities. The second consequential ethics theory is utilitarianism which claims that: ’one ought to do the act, the consequence of which brings about the greatest good for the greatest number of person (Desjardins, 2009). In other words, following utilitarian standards is ethical; not following is not (Klein, 2003). This theory is organised around analysing consequences, how actions will affect people involved. None of actions are ever right or wrong when you are taking a closer look at the act from different points of view (Desjardins, 2009). Hence marketing manager should analyse the situation from different points of view and once he has all facts and data available he should make a moral decision which will benefit the majority of people suffering Alzheimer’s disease. In that scenario he will need to place promising new drug on the market. The question is, will he inform public about â€Å"typo† occurred or not? Marketing manager will need to decide, what is more beneficial for people with Alzheimer’s disease; treat disease and cause diarrhoea and gastrointestinal problems by some of them. He needs to keep in ind it is about the quality of life people with Alzheimer’s disease are living and about their future. Chemo therapy used for treatment of cancer has a lot of bad side effects such as nausea, loss of appetite, hair loss of as well, however so long no other better alternative for treatment exist doctors are using these methods (Davis, Fowler, Aroskar, 1997). Kant’s ethics, named after German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of non-consequential approaches to ethics. Kant’s moral rules are based on motive of duty (Shaw at al, 2009). Actual consequences are irrelevant; rules are logically prior to acts. If an act is inconsistent with an acceptable rule than the act is morally wrong. Kant believed morality is natural to people and it is discovered not created. ‘The morality of an act is independent of the perspective of the agent; a belief that lying is right does not make it so (MacNiven, 1993, p. 49). ’ In our case scenario marketing manager’s duty is to promote new drug, to place new product as successfully as he can on the market. This theory is not bothered with consequences after that. Kant’s theory is based on facts not on predictions. If drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease is available that it is marketing manager’s duty to make this drug available for people who suffer of Alzheimer’s disease. In conclusion, marketing manager has to make a moral judgement about the ethical dilemma he is facing. To assist him by making his decision three solutions were presented; egoism and utilitarianism as consequential theories and Kant’s theory as one of non-consequential theories. Marketing manager has to decide if he will follow egoistic approach and will place priority to future existence of company, he is employed with, or he will follow utilitarianism theory and will stop marketing campaign which will place his employer in jeopardy. As non-consequential approach Kant’s theory was presented. If he will decide to follow this theory he will be just doing his job, for what he is paid for. It is his mission to complete the job without thinking on consequences which can be caused by his actions. As marketing manager’s primary goal is to make right moral decision, he needs to decide what are his most important moral norms, what decision will best enrich his well-being and satisfaction in his life? References: Davis, A. J. , Fowler, M. D. , Aroskar, M. A. (1997). Ethical Dilemmas Nursing Practice. (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Desjardins, J. (2009). An Introduction to Business Ethics. (3rd ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ghillyer, A. (2010). Business Ethics: A Real World Approach. (2nd ed. ). Boston: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Education. Klein, E. R. (2003). People First! Professional and Business Ethics without Ethics. Oxford, UK: University Press Of America. MacNiven, D. (1993). Creative Morality. London, UK: Routledge. Narveson, J. (1998). Egoism and Altruism. In R. Chadwick, Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (pp. 15-21). London, UK: Academic Press Limited. Preston, N. (1996). Understanding Ethics. Sydney, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press. Shaw, W. H. , Barry, V. , Sansbury, G. (2009). Moral issues in Business. (1st Asia-Pacific ed. ). South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited. Ethical Dilemma Essay Example Ethical Dilemma Essay Ethical Dilemma Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ethical Dilemma Introduction A compound situation that mostly involves a psychological conflict between two situations that are both morally right is what an ethical dilemma entails. An ethical dilemma involves one choosing to obey a rule and in the same process transgressing another rule. In terms of healthcare, ethical dilemmas are very common as people differ in the mode in which a patient should be treated. When a patient has a life threatening condition that requires surgery that is dangerous, he or she is faced with a decision. In making this decision, they are faced with an ethical dilemma. That is, in going for the surgery, s/he could die or not end up improving their quality of life and not doing the surgery in which they could still die. Patients and their loved ones are not the only ones that are faced with ethical dilemmas, doctors as well as on a daily basis they are made to choose what are best for their patients. Discussion The healthcare system has undergone a series of radical changes. The changes have brought with them complex situations and thus the use of ethics become part of what should be applied. Thus, ethical dilemmas arise, as people are known to view situations in different perspectives. Ethical dilemmas are more often than not put across to attempt to contest a system that is ethical as well as how the rest of the world views it. How one views a particular situation, is not necessarily, how another person will view it. These arguments have been disapproved in many ways over the past years. Just as people are different, their views on how to handle a certain situation will also differ. A person, who chooses to do something in a certain way, often feels that by choosing one option, they have gone for the option that is a lesser evil than the other option. The same applies in healthcare, as doctors are also different. They are faced with decisions every day all with the aim of making their pat ient better. Physicians are forced to decide whether what they are doing is good for their patient, even if it is bad in terms of how society views that dilemma. Euthanasia is a situation where a doctor, patient or the loved one of the patient decides to end the life of their patient. The person advocating for it often feels that, by doing so, they will have put the patient out of the pain and suffering that is associated with the disease a patient is suffering from. This however goes against how society views life. Other people will not understand why kill someone who still might have some time left to live. Society believes that life is precious, and it should be preserved. Society does not get why one would choose to end his or her life, yet there still are other options to explore that would make the patient live comfortably. However, the pressure associated with seeing a fellow human being suffer with little or no hopes of recovering can make someone decide to relieve the patient from the pain. Some doctors also say that euthanasia goes against the Hippocratic Oath they took as doctors to practice medicine ethically and honestly therefor e preserving and protecting the lives of their patients. Since 2006, euthanasia also known as assisted suicide has been termed as the most active area of study in cotemporary bioethics. The earliest reports of euthanasia took place when the Emperor Augustus died in the arms of his wife without suffering. He asked his wife to let him die honorably than let him continue suffering, yet there was no way he could get any better. In those days, the term euthanasia had not yet been coined. The term was first used in the 17th century by a doctor called Francis Bacon. He said it referred to an easy happy death through the alleviation of pain rather than a death that is slowed down by a doctor through administering drugs. He felt that it was a doctor’s responsibility to alleviate a patient’s pain, as this was why they were doctors. The move was welcome, even if it meant letting the patient die, as opposed to having a life that is of less quality than the patient was living before. Euthanasia is illegal in some places in the world, while in others, it is termed as legal. Where it is illegal, a person who commits euthanasia can be charged with murder (Dowbiggin, 2 005). Euthanasia can be classified into three. It can be voluntary, non-voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is when the patient gives consent to let someone end their life prematurely. It is usually legal in the countries that permit the practice. The countries in the world that permit it are Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Other countries are adopting this method though many objections have been presented by pro-life activists. In the United States for instance, some states advocate for voluntary euthanasia while others still do not. The states that advocated for voluntary euthanasia all follow the Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Missouri State rendering voluntary euthanasia legal in this case. It is necessary to note that voluntary euthanasia should not be confused with when a patient commits suicide with the help of a physician. This is termed as assisted suicide, which is legal in some countries, which include Switz erland, Australia, Belgium and three states of United States that are Oregon, Washington and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia is whereby it is done when the consent of a patient is not available. It is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is whereby the patient does not give their consent to be killed off. When this is done, it is tantamount to murder and the person responsible for it can be charged in a court of law. Though some forms euthanasia can be termed as legal, it is essential to note that child euthanasia is illegal in the whole world. Anyone who does this has committed murder, as a child does not have the capacity to make such a decision on his or her own. Even if a parent feels that they have the power to make decisions on behalf of the child, this decision is not up to them. These three forms of euthanasia are classified into passive euthanasia in which treatment is withheld. By treatment, it means that the use of medicine that is necessary to prolong the life of a patient is withheld. Passive euthanasia can also include administering large doses of morphine so that the patient feels less pain since they do not have painkillers in their system. Active euthanasia, on the other hand, is by employing the use of substances that would end the life of a patient faster. This could be using lethal substances that are harmful to the health of a patient, even if s/he was healthy. A widely known example of active euthanasia is the case of the terminally ill patient in Michigan was administered lethal medication to him by his doctor. Dr. Jack Kevorkian was charged with first-degree murder for killing his patient Thomas Youk. Though the medication was administered per Youk’s request, Dr. Kevorkian was sentenced to prison after being found guilty of second-degr ee murder. Many authors have written articles on this issue and have termed it as unhelpful and misleading. They have questioned the fact that is euthanasia mercy killing or murder of an innocent victim. The topic of euthanasia is associated with many debates with people on the opposite sides of the debate feeling that their views are most relevant than the other side. People have different views, most of which have been brought about by the backgrounds that they have grown up in. However, for the independent minded, they will feel that it is more crucial to remember their loved one as a happy healthy person than as a sick person. They would rather not see them in pain. It is a personal decision, as no one would like to see his or her loved ones in pain. People that support euthanasia will argue that it is easier to let a patient die as one will know that they are no longer in pain. Through death, a patient is at peace and no longer has to worry about being sick. In the case of a patient choosing to end his or her life, they feel that society needs to respect that decision. If the patient were not hurting anyone else, why would the state interfere? Death is a private matter, and if t hrough it, the grief and suffering of not only the patient, but also their loved ones is shortened, then the practice of euthanasia should be advocated. Even Christians support euthanasia and back up their claims by saying that, God is love. Since love entails compassion, why someone would let a loved one be in pain yet there is a way of ending the pain. The greatest show of love to them is to let someone die thus showing that their love is agape. They even quote the bible saying that in Genesis chapter one, verse 28 it says that God gave human beings dominion over all things. Thus, they feel that it is their right to choose what happens to their loved ones. God gave human beings free will meaning that whatever they decide to do with their lives it is in their own hands. Even in the bible, there are examples of euthanasia. Like in second Samuel chapter 1 verses, 9 and 10 where King Saul asked his guard to kill him after he felt that he could not kill David. They also say that in John chapter 10 verse 10 that it promotes life in all its fullness. If a person feels that his or her life’s quality is lessened, then they should opt for euthanasia. For people who have been led to believe that life is important they tend to be pro-life. They will be against any form of euthanasia even if it means less suffering for the people involved. According to them life is precious and should not be left to people who are already distraught to make such decisions. They feel that if euthanasia were made legal more people would opt for it and not just terminally ill patients. Medical experts have already said that it is impossible to give a specific time limit for life expectancy. They might give less or more time than the patient has. People against euthanasia also feel that it will reach a time when it will become non-voluntary. Just because someone does not want to take responsibility for what is happening, does not mean that another life has to end. For instance, in the case of parents who kill a child because they are paralyzed and they feel that taking care of the children will be too much for them. In Latimer’s case, a father ha d to kill his mentally disabled daughter because he thought that she had a hip problem that was a danger to her health. This is an example of non-voluntary euthanasia, and it was not necessary for the father to kill the daughter and end his pain and suffering. Pro-lifers feel that if more countries continue to legalize euthanasia it will reach a time that it will be used as a means of healthcare cost containment. Cutting costs is crucial to many people and if they see that their patient will not get better, they would rather kill them than continue paying for treatment that will not work. Life is crucial and practicing euthanasia shows that, as human beings people do not value life and the joys that it brings with it. Thus, they feel that euthanasia should remain illegal in the whole world so that people continue to value life. A line needs to be drawn when it comes to euthanasia. This is because human beings are not capable of making decisions that involve life or death situations. It should not be upon them to decide who gets to live or die. No one has the capacity to play God so therefore euthanasia should be made illegal in the whole world. Even if someone’s quality of life has reduced, the patients still have a right to live. However painful it is to see a loved one sick, it is essential to preserve life. Every person plays a different role in life. Just because one feels love for another more than anyone else does, does not mean that they get a chance to decide when their life ends. Furthermore, when faced with such a dilemma one is not in the right state of mind to make decisions. Conclusion Ethical dilemmas will always be there in life. How a person chooses to solve them, is what matters the most. It is often an endeavor to disprove what is termed as ethical by different people. Just like in euthanasia, both parties that are for and against it feel that their views are most valid. Thus, no matter which stand one chooses to follow it will still mean going against another choice. Life is precious no matter how one looks at it. It is therefore necessary to preserve it, as only God knows the time or day that a person should die. Therefore, human beings should not advocate for euthanasia. Work cited: Dowbiggin, I. R. (2005). A concise history of euthanasia: Life, death, God, and medicine. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield.

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Tanzanian Land Grabbing Essay Land grabbing is a becoming a well-known issue worldwide that is occurring persistently in Africa. Foreign investors are coming in and buying large amounts of property for personal profit. These foreign investors come from a large global range of geographic location, which includes the United States. Due to the variety of investors major differences are seen between the current situations in Tanzania compared to the situation in Kenya (â€Å"Klopp:2000: 1†). Kenya’s land grabbing is primarily focused on public market places and national forests whereas Tanzanian land grabbing is focused on the agriculture sector for Tanzania. Tanzania is looking for large-scale corporations funded by foreign investors to buy huge portions of land in order to vacate small local farmers from producing. In recent years over four million acres of land have been requested by foreign investors for both Agrofuel and food production in Tanzania. The issue becomes controversial because the government believes they are benefitting from foreign investors by lowering food prices and stimulating the economy; while it is also harmful because it exiles small local famers from their land preventing their production of crops and condensing the profits into commercial farming and personal benefit. Foreign investors and the government both have economic benefits from land grabbing. There are multiple foreign investors that have acquired land from Tanzania, such as Sun Biofuels from United Kingdom, Swedish company scenery, and Agricola from the United States. Recently the media has been primarily interested in focusing their attention on foreign investors in Agrisol. Agrisol is an Iowa based Investment Company that specializes in Agribusiness. The ultimate goal for Agrisol is to find â€Å"underdeveloped global locators that have attractive natural resources but lack in agriculture technology, farming techniques, equipment, and management†(Dan Rather Report: 2012). The three perspectives interest sights in Agrisol are Lugutu in Kigoma Province (25,000 ha), Katumba (80,317) ha, and Mishamo (219,800 ha) (Dan Rather Report 2012). Agrisol has recently purchased the land of a refugee camp in Tanzania and established agreement with the Tanzanian government that the Burundian refugees will be forced to relocate before Agrisol will start its large commercial farming. The Burundian refugees range from a total of 160,000 people and they have been living there for decades, there only mechanisms of survival is living off the land and the displacement from their farms is detrimental to their survival. Agrisol sees this agreement as positive because they purchased the land for 25 cents per acre and is supported by the government because of the potential creation of jobs and ultimately lower food prices (Dan Rather Report: 2012). The theoretical idea that is most beneficial for the government in terms of the transformation of Tanzania’s economy is to transform the country by lowering food prices and transitioning to capitalist wage labor economy. The government wants to start large-scale commercial farming in order to stop small local farmers who do not benefit the government from free riding off the land. The Tanzanian government wants to eradicate the small local farmers so that they can move out of the rural areas into the cities in order to get an education and transform their country into a capitalist economy. 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The stated aim of the program is to â€Å"help stabilize local food supplies, create jobs and economic opportunity for local populations, and spur investment in local infrastructure improvements†(2012,â€Å"US Firm†). The government supports the idea that the partnership with Agrisol will be a strong foundation to establish a more successful capitalistic economy. The major issue occurring from land grabbing deals is the impact occurring farmers and markets. Local farmers are unable to compete with the technology that large-scale commercial farms have access to. The small local farmers do most of the work with basic technology which is drastically less advanced, some local farmers even go back to using their hands for planting seeds (2012, â€Å"Tanzanian National Website†). These local farmers have surrounded themselves in an area where they can survive off the land and be able to sell the rest of their surplus crops to the local market allowing them to have a sustainable income. With large-scale commercial farming being implemented into the economy, these local markets will be out of business. The government’s agreement with Agrisol, can be contradicted because it states that an exporting license seems to infer with the promise of consistent supply of food to the Tanzanian citizens. The life of the small local farmers has been disregarded and the government is uninterested in how to help them survivor. The agreement allows Agrisol be able to obtain a guarantee from the government for an exporting license that allows the continuous production of food from Tanzania even through Tanzania itself could be in a possible economic deficit and have lack of food supply for local citizens. Large scale farming in Tanzania has also caused a high risk for potential environmental issues to arise. The most significant negative factor to the environment is the over usage of the land which makes the soil unfertile and able to grow crops. In the past this occurred with the UK based company, Sun Biofuels, through their growth of Jatrohpha. The company ultimately went bankrupt and lost all of their money while in the long run the Tanzania people did not benefit at all. The government â€Å"role of state machinery (laws, institutions, resources) has changed from protection of majority small producers interests (as in 1970 and 80’s) to facilitation of the few elite and foreign companies to acquire land from communities†(Ruhiye: 2012: â€Å"Farmlandgrab. org). Sembuli Masasa is a father of seven children, who has been farming in Katumba for over forty years helps run a small nursery plant for their neighborhood, growing a range of crops from peanuts to pineapples. If US investors secure this land he and his seven children will have to move and start a new life with only $200. His nursery produced 40% of food to the district, without this nursery their neighborhood will no longer have enough food to survive and survival will be a struggle for the entire surrounding community (Dan Rather Report: 2012). Foreign investors hope that these farmers will abandon their previous lifestyle and stop supporting local markets to work for huge commercial farmers that pay minimal wage and have excessive working hours. When farmers started to work on investors plantations it decreased food production on village farms and that led to food shortages, which actually increased food prices instead of causing the predicted decrease. Regions of land then become a food deficit with no production and the citizens can then no longer afford food and their health and chances of survival becomes an increasingly higher risk. (Ruhiye: 2012: â€Å"Farmlandgrab. org†) The history of foreign investors in Tanzania is an unfortunate reality for the citizens. The people who have been living in these areas are being seeked out by foreign investors pushes them out and allows the investors to take over not only financially but also physically. The increase of large-scale commercial farming creates potential profits of $275million dollars annually, but the benefits only go to the individual private investor rather than the entire country. Even though the government is making small revenue from the deal it is not worth putting small local famers and Tanzanian locals out of their homes, which they have lived there all their life. The people are in poverty and can no longer live off the land to survive; exiling them from their land will only cause food security and chaos because they have no where to go and no other labor skills other then agriculturally based ones. 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